Journal articles: 'Union Personal narratives' – Grafiati (2025)

Abstract:

This article deals with the author’s personal narratives and expectations vis-à-vis world-changing events between 1989 and 1991. It illustrates the ways in which the Cold War and its end, as well as the Soviet Union and its end, represent powerful psychological factors in personal narratives of growing up and giving meaning to the world. In an autoethnographic manner, it approaches research and writing from the perspective of the researcher’s experience in order to produce new layers of understanding about the world. It builds on the assumption that big events on the world stage are composed of micro-stories that both nourish them and are nourished by them, and in so doing it makes the micro and the macro two inseparable, interwoven approaches to cultural experience and change. A conversation is forged between past and present, expectations and delusions, life of author and life of Europe, personal new beginnings and continental cul-de-sacs.

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AbstractThis article explores the legacy of the demise of the deep coal mining industry in Scotland. It places particular emphasis on the cultural scars of this process as witnessed through miners' and managers' memories, positioning these within the context of occupational socialization, conflict, and alienation. The piece explores the enduring importance of these cultural scars in shaping broader collective narratives of decline in Scotland, and how responses were manifest in shifting political outlooks and the emergence (at both a local and national level) of a resurgent nationalism from the early 1960s onward. Drawing on the notion of the “cultural circuit,” the article examines how and why personal experience of the loss of the coal industry informed and conformed to the politics of the miners' union in Scotland, the National Union of Mineworkers Scottish Area (NUMSA). As the article makes clear, the program of closures in the industry has left profound psychological scars in coalfield communities—ones that, like the closure of other major industrial sites, shape a powerful national narrative.

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This article examines what it means to be an academic in the knowledge economy, using auto-ethnographic writing or storytelling as its starting point. Although academic mobility has been researched for about a decade, deep listening and deep reading in the context of ethnography have not been utilised in analysing what it means to move in this global space. To conduct this exercise, fellows from the European Union-funded Universities in the Knowledge Economy project who were all mobile academics, were invited to participate in ethnographic writing workshops and explore the personal, subjective elements of narrating their experiences of being mobile and being migrants. I aim to not only present the narratives of colleagues who populate the global knowledge economy but also analyse them and ask if certain ideal forms of narrative habitus support academic mobility.

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This article addresses the digital transformation in UK cinemas between 2000 and 2014, as viewed by cinema projectionists. During this period digital projectors replaced mechanical 35mm film projectors throughout UK cinemas. This resulted in many redundancies and a fundamental change in the way films are shown. This article draws on interview material with a number of current and former cinema projectionists (including a number who were made redundant and some members of the trade union BECTU) to provide an account of this period of change as it was experienced by those most affected by it. The ways in which the speed of the change was perceived are examined in detail. The article also considers how narratives of personal and professional change and redundancy are mediated through the attachment to technology and the experience of technological change. The respondents' descriptions of the arrival of the digital projectors and the focus on ‘the final show’ are common themes around which such narratives are constructed.

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Weight stigma results from the mediatisation of ‘obesity’: conceptually, a medicalised problem resulting from personal bodily irresponsibility. We undertake a frame analysis of 1452 comments on a thematically related online news article published via The Guardian, about the status of ‘obesity’ as a disability in European Union (EU) employment law. We identify three themes: (1) weight as a lifestyle choice or disability, (2) weight as an irresponsible choice and (3) weight as a simple or complex issue. We contend that the design of the commenting platform prevents counter-narratives from challenging the dominant (‘obesity’) framing for three reasons: (1) content is driven by comments appearing earlier in the corpus, (2) the commenting system primarily supports argument between polarised rhetorical positions and (3) the platform design discourages users from developing alternative terminologies for producing counter-narratives. In this way, we explore how weight stigma is propagated through online media, and how users’ comments intersect with the affordances of the platform itself.

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Since the 1960s, the United States has experienced a rise in heritage and plantation tourism that plays a significant role in passing on cultural narratives and constructing memories. In cases of plantation tourism, some narratives are constructed that deny the history of slavery or mention it only as a side effect. This absence of critical engagement commodifies a specific type of nostalgia: white nostalgia. White nostalgia exemplifies an attempt to escape issues of race by downplaying their implications and rejecting the legacy of slavery. Plantation tourism sites tend to celebrate personal narratives depicting the antebellum South as a time and place of union and jauntiness despite the fact that their histories are inseparably connected with slavery. Refusing to engage in critical discussions on slavery, these historical plantation sites can be regarded as comfortable spaces of refuge longing for an uncritical and colorblind—yet unrealistic—past. In this essay, the commodification of white nostalgia will be investigated by looking at seven plantation websites, thereby examining how white nostalgia not only distorts the history of the antebellum South but also how it sells history without racism and performs memory that distances itself from emotional legacies of slavery.

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The Korean War (1950–3) was one of the most traumatic events in the history of the Korean peninsula. Known commonly as the ‘Forgotten War’, it is explained as a civil war that was exacerbated by the Soviet Union and the United States into an arena for the Cold War. Since then, North and South Korea have had to construct their national identities in accordance with the political ideologies that defined them. Consequently, each has told their national birth story – the story of division and war – in historical narratives for children. While a strict anti-communist ideology muted personal experiences of the war that might diverge from the anti-communist rhetoric of the immediate post-war period, contemporary children's literature reveals that the authority that the myth of innocence maintains in children's fiction firmly places the child protagonists in a position to pose tough questions about the nature of the conflict. Hegemonic Korean War narratives are challenged in contemporary fiction through ‘truth-telling’ uses of realism and folktales; at the same time, this paper questions the extent to which contemporary fiction presents its young audience with freedom of interpretation, and asks what implications it has for the relief of trauma.

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Ensuring that immigrant professionals experience cross-cultural adjustment positively is beneficial for both employers and host countries, as well as the immigrants themselves, yet has proven problematic in practice. This study utilises a series of longitudinal interviews to examine the personal narratives of three strategically selected sets of recently arrived professionals from the British Isles, China, and the former Soviet Union who are employed in New Zealand. Immersive research, employing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), followed the participants over 1 year of their life, illuminating their struggles, wins, and contradictions, endeavouring to develop a deep understanding of what it feels like to be an immigrant professional in a new, often culturally unusual country. This study reports the discovery of divergent sets of characteristics influencing the cross-cultural adjustment perceptions of interview+ees from different ethnic groups within the same host country. It finds that ‘one size does not fit all’.

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This article analyzes the politics of memory around the Estonian government’s decision to relocate Tallinn’s World War II memorial of a Soviet soldier. It shows why and how legitimizing national discourses resonated with and influenced personal narratives among ordinary Estonians. It also discusses discourses of Estonians who took a more critical stance on the relocation. The article argues that the dominant discourse in Estonia has been characterized by a notion of suffering and a search for recognition from the West, while turning its back to the East (Estonian Russians and Russia). In a similar vein, the relocation aimed at a breakaway from the Soviet past and its discourse, while at the same time reinforcing its perceived continuity. As such, the Estonian case gives insight into processes of remembering, amnesia, and the quest for recognition at the new border of the European Union, within a context of highly contentious minority politics.

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Letters have always been an important medium between rulers and subjects in the Soviet Union and Russia. This article looks at letters from young people to Soviet party officials, newspapers and youth organizations, using them as texts in their own right rather than as sources for the events they describe. A close and detailed analysis of the letters' language, structure and style reveals the subjective universe of their authors and the function of letters both in the personal life of their writers and in the Soviet system overall. Particular attention is paid to letters that employ confessionary narratives. The eschatological trajectory of other Soviet autobiographical texts, which chart the inevitable progress from an unenlightened state to ideological conviction, is reversed in these letters, leading the reader from a happy Soviet life to a point of confusion and ideological doubt. While the crises, which are at the heart of these letters, reveal the difficulties of young people in making sense of the Soviet world around them, they also demonstrate the extent to which young people's norms, values and language were infused by Bolshevik thought. The process of letter writing was thus both an affirmation of the system and a testimony to its failings.

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Abstract This article examines the case of Karla Galarza v. Washington, DC Board of Education. On April 3, 1947, Karla Galarza refused to accept the board's directive to withdraw from the Black segregated Margaret Murray Washington Vocational School. Her father, Dr. Ernesto Galarza, supported her decision and worked to challenge the expulsion, and the system of segregation, as unconstitutional. The authors analyze materials from regional and national archives, oral accounts, legal documents, and personal collections, focusing on Dr. Galarza's voice in over one hundred pages of correspondence. Dr. Galarza brought together an interracial legal team, including Charles Hamilton Houston, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American Civil Liberties Union, the American Jewish Congress, and the National Lawyers Guild. Dr. Galarza lauded the pedagogy of a Black teacher and the pluralism cultivated in a Black school community as evidence of democracy in action. The legal team proposed that Karla's expulsion constituted a violation of the Fifth Amendment, naming education as a property right. However, after extensive research and discussion across ten months, the organizations determined they should not pursue the case in court. The authors assert that this attempted legal intervention is an unnamed forerunner in the attack on Plessy v. Ferguson and complicates previous narratives of the long struggle to end school segregation.

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The paper examines politics of memory related to the Arctic Finnish-Russian-Norwegian borderland, Petsamo-Pechenga. How it has been remembered, shared and interpreted after the Second World War by refugees from Finnish Petsamo and their offspring, on the one hand, and Finnish public writing, on the other hand? Which means have been used to revitalize their collective and personal narratives and construct the geohistorical space of Petsamo? During the Second World War, Petsamo was the focus of the Arctic conflict, and at the end of the war, Finland lost the region to the Soviet Union. Our source material comprises 521 articles, which we analyzed using qualitative and text mining methods. We conclude that compared with the other war refugee communities in Finland, Petsamo is peripheral to Finnish public post-war memory politics and nostalgia tourism. This is for several reasons: the fact that people from Petsamo constituted a minority among the Finnish evacuees (5200 of 420,000) and were subdivided into two groups (Finns and Skolt Sami people), the devastated and polluted environment, militarization and closeness of Russian Pechenga until the 1990s. The politics of memory about Petsamo – such as nostalgia tourism, written memories, monuments, intergenerational experiences of landscape and history books – can be seen as a manifestation of collective sorrow for a lost homeland, both as individual therapeutic surrender and creating a special emotional community of ex-Petsamo people.

Abstract:

Formed within the interplay of history, culture and cognition, the concept of social memory is introduced to evaluate a key element of Scotland's nineteenth-century national tale. Being never more than partially captured by state and monarchy, and only imperfectly carried by institutions and groups, the national tale has comprised a number of narratives. Within the post-Union fluidity of Scotland's place within Britain, and at a time of European conflict, this tale coalesced around social memories of the mediaeval patriot William Wallace. Distinctive to that process was the historical romance The Scottish Chiefs (1810), as it was merged with the public life of its author, Jane Porter (bap. 1776–1850). By situating this fictional account of the life of Wallace within the social memories of its author, and in society more widely, attention is directed towards a set of stories formed in Porter's own cognition. These living memories were forged in her childhood experiences of a new life in Scotland; her claim to have pioneered the historical novel, confirmed by her friend Walter Scott; her personal, familial, and fictional projections of her public self; and in how contemporaries returned to her, and made known to society, their reception of her personality, her deportment, and her fiction. It was in combination that a leading social memory of the nation's tale was formed out of living memory that could not have transcended time and place.

Abstract:

Faced with the challenge of Covid pandemic, the world will change its existence forever. In such circumstances of the common global crisis, humanity will form new narratives between suffering and survival. From the positioning to this experience, it will depend on whether it will remain a trauma or the deepest inner resources will be activated by building “new personal relationships” on a transpersonal level, and by forming a new alliance, versus the current alienation from nature and the planet. Spiritual resilience is the dimension of the overall mental framework, besides the cognitive, emotional and neurobiological one. This paper postulates the preventive, co-creative, and salutogenic capacity of this essential potential of one’s spiritual self even in the most painful and stressful life events. It offers the models based on Christian psychotherapy and Transactional analysis in re-emerging one’s inner power in forming adaptive coping mechanism and well-being. Within the TA we operate with the classical approach and two dimensions: intrapersonal and interpersonal and in the domain of spiritual TA- transcedental level regarding the cor self. Christian psychotherapy offers the union of the Holy Eucharist as a pastoral dimension of unity and the individual ascetic discipline through the FCP Method. Expanding the frame of reference – from the narrow anthropocentric to the wider and unlimited theocentric model – such a holistic approach can be successfully applied to all organized forms: family, organizations, and global community, thus creating a strong, aware, and compassionate society.

Abstract:

Despite the vast amount of scholarship covering the progressive turn in unions in the US and in Europe and a widespread recognition that it has been driven by the staff working for reformed unions there has been no examination of the causes, beliefs, and identities that new generations of staff bring into the labor movement. The question asked in this article is how personal projects – defined as a motivational narrative for social action – held by progressively minded union staff can impact inclusiveness in unions. A key focus is how staff's personal projects interact with organizational structures and practices. The study finds that personal projects vary in terms of the way that staff construct role boundaries in their jobs to invest more in certain roles than, others which also affected their investment in skills development. These strategies have theoretical implications for understanding the nexus between staff careers and organizational outcomes in unions in particular and in ‘social movement organizations’ more generally. Results also have practical implications for skills development and knowledge transfers within and across organizations, as well as for union capacities to deal with competing goals.

Abstract:

En este artículo se analiza la voz narrativa en la novela El general en su laberinto (1989) de Gabriel García Márquez, con el objetivo de determinar aquellas formas o mecanismos que contribuyen a la verosimilitud textual, a mostrar como creíbles los acontecimientos representados, así como la historia personal y colectiva del prócer Simón Bolívar. Concretamente, se estudia la función que cumple el narrador omnisciente, la introducción del estilo directo y el empleo de primera persona singular y plural. Con base en lo anterior, se concluye que estas formas permiten articular el discurso histórico y el discurso literario y con ello construir una historia verosímil en la que se develan los aciertos y contradicciones del proyecto bolivariano de la unión latinoamericana.

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This article presents a first-hand account and afterword by ‘Susan Wong’ on the formation of an Asian cabin crew trade union and the nine-year period of resistance in response to imposed changes to employment terms and conditions by the management of a UK multinational airline. The main issue was an imposed premature retirement age compared to UK-based colleagues. Opposition occurred in the UK courts, to identify the correct employment jurisdiction and then cite both age and race discrimination. The workers’ victory over the company, which had similar plans for other overseas workers, demonstrates union efficacy and Susan’s determination and resilience. The narrative enhances the understanding of the micro-processes of mobilization, the nature of discrimination and identity, and the lived experience of combining cabin crew work with union activism.

Abstract:

In the work of George Eliot, a “past evil that has blighted or crushed another” is often “made a source of unforeseen good to ourselves” (Adam Bede573; ch. 54). Eliot's early novelAdam Bedemight be read as a three-volume exploration of the moral difficulties inherent in a narrative pattern premised on such inequality of lots. The seduction of Adam Bede's first love, Hetty Sorrel, her pregnancy, subsequent act of infanticide, transportation, and early death darkly prepare the path to the hero's joyous union with Dinah Morris, who guides him through the story's most painful, educative hours. Adam's union with Dinah, the narrator tells us, is deeper, more powerful, and more pleasurable than any with Hetty might have been because of the knowledge through suffering that Adam attains; “what better harvest from that painful seed-time” can there be than this second love? (578; ch. 55). Yet Hetty embodies all the loss and destruction that enable Adam and Dinah's redemptive future while enjoying no such redemption herself.

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This article, based on a study conducted in a tea plantation of Upper Assam, documents and analyses the struggle for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status by the Adivasis in Assam, which is linked to a larger demand for indigeneity and tribal recognition in the state and in the Northeast. It examines the nature of this struggle in recent times through both its contestations of indigeneity and claims upon citizenship by drawing on personal narratives and interviews with activists and workers of Adivasi students’ organisations and tea workers’ unions who have been in the forefront of this struggle.

Abstract:

Russian and Soviet nurse refugees faced myriad challenges attempting to become registered nurses in North America and elsewhere after the World War II. By drawing primarily on International Council of Nurses refugee files, a picture can be pieced together of the fate that befell many of those women who left Russia and later the Soviet Union because of revolution and war in the years after 1917. The history of first (after World War I) and second (after World War II) wave émigré nurses, integrated into the broader historical narrative, reveals that professional identity was just as important to these women as national identity. This became especially so after World War II, when Russian and Soviet refugee nurses resettled in the West. Individual accounts become interwoven on an international canvas that brings together a wide range of personal experiences from women based in Russia, the Soviet Union, China, Yugoslavia, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere. The commonality of experience among Russian nurses as they attempted to establish their professional identities highlights, through the prism of Russia, the importance of the history of the displaced nurse experience in the wider context of international migration history.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the adopted conflict management approach on organizational development in coffee cooperatives. The research was conducted in Machakos Co-operative Union in the Lower Eastern part of Kenya. Descriptive research survey was used. The target population was drawn from 1500 employees of Machakos Co-operative Union who took part in the study. The sample size was 305 employees drawn from different levels of management selected through cluster sampling technique. Systematic sampling was used to give each individual a chance to be chosen. Data collection was carried out through the use of Semi-structured questionnaire and interview guide. Both qualitative and quantitative technique was used to analyse data. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics through content analysis and findings were analysed and presented quantitatively and qualitatively in frequency tables, graphs pie charts and percentage while qualitative data was analysed using thematic techniques and data presented in narrative forms. From the study, it was established that different conflict management approaches were employed in Machakos Coffee Cooperative, 22% of the respondents reported that accommodation strategy was used and 23% the Collaboration strategy which led to improved productivity in the organization and enhanced inter personal relations while 54% of the respondents indicated that the contending approach which was mostly used influenced conflict management in the organization. The study recommends that organizations need to embrace the strategy in order to maximize productivity and encourage retention of human resource.

Abstract:

Abstract The goal of GDPR is to harmonize consumer rights in the European Union regardless of where they are or where they come from. This has an impact on the processing of personal data within organizations - especially in human resources departments. GDPR has major consequences in the HR field as the employer processes employee data (and potential employees) on a large scale. At the formal level, the Human Resources Director must ensure that the new concepts introduced by the Regulation are correctly reflected in the internal documents governing the duties and responsibilities of the employees. The biggest challenge in this regard is defining the role of the data protection officer at the organization level. The methodological section of this article includes a narrative analysis based on an interview with a data protection officer, head of compliance guide to GDPR. The purpose of this study reflects the impact of the Personal Data Regulations on the Human Resources activities. It is useful for organizations and subjects to know what particular attention should be paid regarding GDPR to the recruitment process, the access methods of the equipment available to the employee, the data protection solutions in the systems and the employee monitoring system.

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The article deals with the problems and prerequisites for the formation of monument protection activities on the territory of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in particular in the city of Yakutsk, in the 50–60s. 20th century The work was mainly prepared on the basis of documents from the personal fund of the doctor of historical sciences, professor, first chairman of the Yakut republican branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments G.P. Basharin, stored in the National Archives of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Narrative, historical-comparative, historical-biographical methods were used in the work on this article. The activities for the protection, restoration and installation of monuments in the districts of the republic are described on the basis of a report on the activities of the republican branch of the All-Union Society for 1966–1969, the main results and difficulties in the work of local branches in the districts of the republic are given.

Abstract:

Jeanette Winterson’s magical realist love stories, such as The Passion, have been read by some critics in terms of a tendency to idealise romance as a transformative passion that transcends social structures. In this article, I propose that Winterson’s recent gothic novel, The Daylight Gate, critically revises a set of Romantic themes first broached in The Passion, exposing and interrogating the fantasy scenario at the centre of romantic love. This narrative about magic and the devil explores the ambivalence of passion as possession—diabolical and contractual—before using this to critique the desire for transcendence implied by “undying love”. Metaphysics becomes a metaphor for metapsychology, where the Romantic motif of undying love as connected to fatal desire is complicated by a traversal of the fantasy of the union of two immortal souls. These revisions have the effect of reversing the implications of Winterson’s earlier treatment of romantic love, turning it back from the personal towards engagement with the political.

Abstract:

Ethyle Batley was Britain's first woman film director, responsible for some 64 one- and two-reel films between 1912 and her death in 1917. Her unique, albeit brief, career was carved out in an industry domain conventionally reserved for men but her film-making practice appears to have been inflected by her experiences as a woman, especially as she began producing at the moment the Women's Social and Political Union was entering its most militant phase. Consequently, she developed a subject matter that drew on an identifiably ‘female perspective’. Adopting a short-story narrative approach and working in a range of genres, she used them to address such themes as childhood, women and children in wartime, working-class poverty, fragmented families and intimate personal relationships – emphases contrasting with those of her closest male co-worker, her husband Ernest. At the same time, her command over the formal resources of film became increasingly confident and sophisticated, as a consecutive reading of her few extant films demonstrates.

Abstract:

Abstract One year after the German surrender in World War II, an exhibition about the “Great Patriotic War” opened its doors in the regional museum of Chelyabinsk. The curators presented the visitors with a geological take on the war events: the exhibition employed a geological time frame, which started with the genesis of planet Earth, and displayed a large introductory section on natural resources of the southern Urals, the museum’s home region. The exhibition makers reasoned that the Soviet war effort was inextricably linked to the region’s inanimate environment with its rich deposits of minerals and metals. Based on archival documents and published sources, this article explores how a narrative focusing on minerals and metals could find a place in an exhibition about the Soviet war effort. It argues that the museum director’s personal background as an earth scientist, the short-lived regional diversity of war memory in the postwar Soviet Union, and a particular vein of environmental thought that was widespread in Soviet and international geology influenced this remarkable exhibition.

Abstract:

El proyecto COURAGE ha creado una base de datos electrónica de acceso abierto que recopiló nuevas fuentes, resumió nuevos conocimientos y creó nuevas narrativas sobre un patrimonio cultural europeo hasta ahora dividido: el legado de la disidencia bajo las dictaduras comunistas en Europa Central y Oriental. El equipo rumano de COURAGE ha resaltado un nuevo sentido de ser europeo, que fue experimentado por muchas personas comunes que crearon significados cotidianos y prácticas culturales como si vivieran en un país libre. Esta identificación con Europa se refleja en colecciones privadas previamente desconocidas creadas por aquellos que preveían estrategias de oposición a las dictaduras comunistas que habían rechazado los valores fundamentales que sustentan la Unión Europea: estado de derecho, derechos humanos, libertades civiles, etc. Los valores opuestos se reflejan en las colecciones creadas por la policía secreta comunista rumana, la Securitate, que recuerdan un pasado europeo no democrático y advierten sobre el peligro de olvidarlo bajo la presión de los desafíos actuales que enfrenta el proyecto europeo.

Abstract:

Draft document, currently stored in a single copy in the personal fund of A.I. Klibanov in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is published in the article. The document consists of 31 sheets of typewritten text, prepared in June 1966 by a group of scientists (A.I. Klibanov, P.K. Kurochkin, L.N. Mitrokhin, E.G. Filimonov and G.S. Lyalina) for the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party. The authors analyze a lot of material, on the basis of which the first part of the document gives an assessment of the internal schism taking place in the Soviet Baptist Church. A special narrative is given to the activities of Council of Churches of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (CC ECB) and its May protest action, held in the center of Moscow, in which several hundred believers took part. Emphasizing the anti-Soviet sentiments among the followers of the SC ECB, the authors of the document refer to this religious organization first as a «militant church», and later clarify this name in the form «militant Baptism». In the final part, the document contains nine constructive proposals to suppress the conflict between the CC ECB and the state, as well as to normalize interaction between the authorities and various religious organizations. The surviving copy of the document has several losses that could not be replenished. Attempts to find a complete document in various archives and personal funds did not bring any result. Parts of the published document have become the basis for a number of books, pamphlets and articles written by members of the research group who prepared the document. The May protest action and the document published in this article played an important role in the publication of the entire popular science publishing series «Library “Modern Religions”».

Abstract:

  The object of this research is the biography of virtually unknown at the present time mathematician L. P. Radzishevsky, whose most productive period of scientific activity falls on the 1930’s. The works of Radzishevsky have been recognized by most prominent Soviet mathematicians of that time, particularly by member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union I. M. Vinogradov. The provided biographical records demonstrate the circumstances of personal life and professional activity of Radzishevsky, since the last years of the Romanovs dynasty, throughout the civil war and first years of Soviet government, until 1942. The study is based on the various methods of historical research, such as narrative, historical-genetic, and biographical. The main results of the conducted research became the reconstruction of scholar’s life path and analysis of his contribution to the Soviet mathematics. The absence of scientific works on life and academic activity of L. P. Radzishevsky within the Soviet and Russian historiography alongside introduction of the unknown archival documents into the scientific discourse, define the novelty of the presented material.  

Abstract:

Abstract Based on manuscripts from the Mexican National Archive recording a 1650 Inquisition trial for astrology, this article will present a reconstruction of the story of Gaspar Riveros Vasconcelos, a “mulatto” born in Tangier, a descendant of a Portuguese father and Angolan mother. He travelled the Atlantic commercial routes – visiting Angola, Pernambuco, Cartagena de Indias, La Havana – and got involved in political discussions with Spaniards residing in mid-seventeenth century Mexico City. This period was particularly tough for Portuguese people in Spanish America, given the 1640 breach of the dynastic union of Spain and Portugal, which had been formerly achieved in 1581 by King Philipp ii. Vasconcelos’ story allows us to reflect on identity formation in time, on the concept of race, as well as on the ways in which “a persona miserable de color pardo” could deploy his agency as Afro-Portuguese in colonial Mexico society. As such, this paper aims to reconsider the relevance of individual narratives which can generate a growing awareness of the importance that Afro-descendants had in the Ibero-American world and how they could influence the process of racialization in the local context of seventeenth century New Spain.

Abstract:

The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of the UK government’s response to the Covid-19 outbreak from a human rights perspective, particularly its apparent tension with Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in relation to non-Covid-19 patients whose lives were put at risk by not being able to attend appointments and treatments for pre-existing conditions and illnesses. The UK has also rejected the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union with the European Union Withdrawal Act 2018, which will leave the population even more exposed to potential human rights violations. This seems to be a direct consequence of the narrative and slogan employed by the government: “Stay Home; Protect the NHS; Save Lives”. Other potentially threatened categories, the NHS staff and prisoners are also mentioned in the same context. The latter have already launched a judicial review application along the same lines: Article 2 of the ECHR and the due regard duty stemming from the Equality Act 2010. The NHS staff were directly at risk, and evidence was emerging almost on a daily basis that implied authorities’ responsibility for the shortage of personal protective equipment and testing kits. While there have been a number of discussions on other issues in relation to the lockdown and the strategy directly or indirectly impacting human rights, it appears that no discussion on the impact of the strategy for non-Covid-19 patients and other categories from a human rights perspective has taken place. This gap in analyses and literature merits the present analysis.

Abstract:

Drawing on a wealth of new information made available by the opening of the Comintern archives, Drew sheds the light of hindsight on the relationship between the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) and, in turn, the Soviet Comintern, the South African liberation movement, and the white and black trade union movements in the first half of the twentieth century. This rich book makes a unique contribution to our understanding of ties between the Comintern and its satellite parties as well as the early history of the South African antiapartheid movement. There are only two other major books on this period of party history, and both are memoirs of party members who try to establish a particular version of the record. Drew contests the teleology of their accounts of communist party history and instead weaves a contingent narrative that identifies major turning points that narrowed the possibility for a radical reorientation of the party (p. 281). It was not inevitable that the party would split and finally dissolve in the way it did—other outcomes were possible, almost until the end. That they were not taken was the layered result of personal and ideological rivalries and party alliances that made socialism, and socialists, perpetually weak and vulnerable in the context of South African politics.

Abstract:

The article discusses the memoirs “The Lord Deposes his Angels” by Aino Kuusinen in the context of the study of genealogy and morphology of Soviet subjectivity. In the Soviet historiography Aino Kuusinen (1886–1970) is known as the wife of the prominent Finnish communist and Soviet politician Otto Ville Kuusinen and as the Comintern staff member. In the middle of 1930s she moved to Japan, where she was supposedly involved in espionage activities for the Soviet Union. From Japan, Kuusinen was summoned to Moscow where she was arrested in 1938 and was in prison until 1955. In 1965, Aino Kuusinen emigrated from the Soviet Union, and wrote her memoirs in German. The first Russian translation was published in 1989. The main addressee of Kuusinen’s memoirs was a Western, primarily Finnish, reader, and in that sense, both a Russian reader and a researcher act as an “unforeseen addressee”, what creates new opportunities for reading and interpretation. The article analyses the main principles of the construction of the author’s “I”, of her identity in ideological, ethnical and gender aspects; how the personal and the socially determined are combined in the identification codes, approved by the author, and in the models of self, constructed in the text as the most notable for the author. The main distinctive feature of Kuusinen’s memoirs as the egodocument is as follows: the narrative of the events of the Soviet epoch (1920–1950s) is presented by “a moral witness (A. Assman), who was inside the Soviet space, but at the same time was in the position of an other; who was in a situation of intercultural transformation or cultural hybridity. This position creates the optics of detachment in describing Soviet life, which is important for understanding the Soviet subject and the time when this subject was formed.

Abstract:

Many adolescents in the Philippines are not only getting pregnant under theage of 20 but are also having repeated pregnancies. Several local studies havedetermined the prevalence and the correlates of repeated pregnancies amongFilipino adolescents, but the qualitative contexts in which these pregnanciesare occurring are unclear yet are important for program development. This paper discusses some qualitative data drawn from experiences of youth who have had repeated pregnancies as a result of a qualitative study that employed the phenomenological and the narrative methodological approach. The study made use of data collected through individual in-depthinterviews with adolescents from the province of Pampanga, Philippines who have experienced more than one pregnancy from ages 15 to 19. Overall themes on the experiences of young mothers include positivity amid within the negativity and old connections, new unions. Found to be both a biological and social phenomenon, repeated adolescent pregnancy heightens both personal and social experiences of the young mother while it involves gender, forming and rebuilding of families as well as local context, and as such validates the need for further research.

Abstract:

<p>Despite geographical proximity and comparable historical development since the fall of the Soviet Union, Lviv and Chernivtsi betray different approaches to commemorating the past. This might point to the existence of different cultures of memory that sustain a narrative about acceptance or rejection of ethnic diversity. But the cultures of memory in the cities also have common characteristic, namely, contemporary urbanites form their attitudes towards the past not through personal experience and family transmission of past memories but through prosthetic memory, which relies on hearsay, media, literature, popular culture and the arts. When deliberate choice comes to the fore in building various identity projects, the work of stitching together contradictory historical representations is guided not so much by path-dependent logic of collective memory as by present-day expediency and power games of different mnemonic actors. Therefore, this paper argues that the most observable trend in the cultures of memory in Lviv and Chernivtsi is pillarization, i.e., an agreement among external and internal memory entrepreneurs and marketeers that each population group is the custodian of its “own” heritage. Nevertheless, ultimately the condition of heritage envisioned in the two cities seems to be an assimilationist “incorporation-to-the-core” model, where the core consists of various versions of the Ukrainian national heritage.</p>

Abstract:

La interacción entre el género y la discapacidad ubica a las mujeres con esta condición en una posición desigual respecto a los hombres con discapacidad y a las personas sin discapacidad, lo cual desencadena mayor marginación y exclusión social y afecta el ejercicio de sus derechos. Este documento tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre la intersección entre discapacidad y género y las miradas que se han dado sobre la inclusión social desde su concepción en dos políticas públicas de Colombia. Los hallazgos de este trabajo permiten identificar que si bien el país ha avanzado en políticas de igualdad de género y en políticas dirigidas a personas con discapacidad, las acciones encaminadas al abordaje de las condiciones estructurales de las mujeres con discapacidad son aún incipientes y requieren una mayor profundización. Por tanto, desde una mirada normativa, existe una escasa unión entre el binomio género y discapacidad. En este sentido, se reconoce la necesidad de revisar la Política pública de discapacidad de Colombia y a su vez la Política pública nacional de equidad de género para las mujeres bajo una perspectiva que incluya las narrativas de los agentes sociales que hacen parte de la implementación en inclusión social y enfoque de género, pues aún prevalecen los estereotipos planteados por el enfoque biomédico, lo cual puede ser una barrera para una adecuada puesta en marcha de acciones que apunten a un ejercicio real de derechos.

Abstract:

The article deals with I.A. Dedkovs views on the ratio of the goal and the means on the way to the high social ideal. The analysis reveals the humanistic ontology of his worldview. I.A. Dedkov was a convinced anti-Stalinist, a supporter of the 20th Communist Party of the Soviet Union Congress decisions. Throughout his life and creative work, in his letters, diary entries, literary-critical and practical activities he consistently denounced the anti-humanist principle the end justifies the means, drawing arguments from the traditions of Russian classical literature and Russian prerevolutionary liberal-oriented philosophy, as well as from the Western European existentialism. This article reveals the latent humanistic-minded intension that existed in the Soviet period in the literary heritage of the critic and journalist I.A. Dedkov. The main methods used by the author in preparing this publication are elements of systematic and comparative (comparative) analysis, biographical, discursive and narrative research methods. The main conclusions from this study are the disclosure of the humanistic nature of I.A. Dedkovs worldview, sharply different from the amoral methodology of political expediency, which neglects the choice and use of ethically justified and adequate to the goal of its implementation. This position is supported by textual analysis of a number of sources, including Yu.V. Trifonovs story Impatience from the series Fiery revolutionaries about the revolutionary folk activist A.I. Zhelyabov. I.A. Dedkov consistently defended his theoretical and ideological postulates based on rejection and rejection of anti-human and inhumane political practices in his literary and journalistic activities, as well as in his personal life, maintaining his devotion to the socialist (communist) ideal in its humanistic (anthropocentric) ideal.

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThere is an assumption that the photographic iconography of the South African struggle against apartheid is universally known and familiar. It is however dominated by certain tropes and categories that obscure the many complexities and nuances of its origins, its practitioners and its effects. This article focuses on one photographer, Omar Badsha, and explores his own narrations about city and family life in the Indian Ocean port city of Durban, and the artistic and political trajectories in which he was embedded that gave rise to his own photographic work and the organization of other photographers into the collective known as Afrapix. Badsha grew up in ‘the imperial ghetto’ of Grey Street in Durban within a rich legacy of radical political and cultural debate, becoming an artist and later a trade union organizer. It is the imperatives of the latter work that pushed him into photography as a medium of literacy. Many of his own photographs started as a personal visual diary when he re-explored the spaces of his childhood as an adult, and in the process became increasingly sensitized to the parallels between political and religious ritual. In particular he was fascinated by the dynamics between the leaders and the led, and the techniques and theatricalities of the different genres of mobilization. His work and the multiple forces and influences at play suggest that there were (and are) plural and competing aesthetic regimes during (and after) apartheid that are little recognized, mostly due to a deeply entrenched (and ongoing) separation between the domains of aesthetics and politics in South Africa and elsewhere outside the African continent.

Abstract:

The article presents interpretations of the poetry collection “Native Guard” of the American writer Natasha Trethewey — the Pulitzer Prize winner (2007), and Poet Laureate (2012–2014). Through the lens of African American and Critical Race studies, Trethewey’s “Native Guard” is analyzed as the artistic Civil War reconstruction which writes the Louisiana Native Guard regiments into national history. Utilizing the wide range of poetic forms in the collections “Domestic Work” (2000), “Bellocq’s Ophelia” (2002), “Thrall” (2012), — ekphrastic poetry, verse-novellas, epistolary poems, rhymed and free verse sonnets, dramatic monologues, in “Native Guard” (2006) Natasha Trethewey experiments with the classical genres of villanelle (“Scenes from a Documentary History of Mississippi”), ghazal (“Miscegenation”), pantoum (“Incident”), elegy (“Elegy for the Native Guard”), linear palindrome (“Myth”), pastoral (“Pastoral”), sonnet (the ten poems of the crown sonnet sequence “Native Guard”). Following the African American modernist literary canon, Trethewey transforms the traditional forms, infusing blues into sonnets (“Graveyard Blues”), and experimenting with into blank verse sonnets (“What the Body Can Tell”). In the first part of “Native Guard”, the poet pays homage to her African American mother who was married to a white man in the 1960s when interracial marriage was illegal. The book demonstrates the intersections of private memories of Trethewey’s mother, her childhood and personal encounters with the racial oppression in the American South, and the “poeticized” episodes from the Civil War history presented from the perspective of the freed slave and the soldier of the Native Guard, Nathan Daniels. The core poems devoted to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Louisiana regiments in the Union Army formed in 1862, are the crown sonnet sequence which variably combine the formal features of the European classical sonnet and the African American blues poetics. The ten poems are composed as unrhymed journal entries, dated from 1862 to 1865, and they foreground the reflections of the African American warrior on historical episodes of the Civil War focusing on the Native Guard’s involvement in the military duty. In formal aspects, Trethewey achieves the effect of continuity by “binding” together each sonnet and repeating the final line of the poem at the beginning of the following one in the sequence. Though, the “Native Guard” crown sonnet sequence does not fully comply with the rigid structure of the classical European form, Trethewey’s poetic narrative aims at restoring the role of the African American soldiers in the Civil War and commemorating the Native Guard. The final part of the collection synthesizes the two strains – the personal and the historical, accentuating the racial issues in the American South. Through the experience of a biracial Southerner, and via the polemics with the Fugitives, in her poems Natasha Trethewey displays that the Civil Rights Act has not eliminated racial inequality and racism. Trethewey’s extensive experimentation with literary forms and style opens up the prospects for further investigation of the writer’s artistic methods in her poetry collections, autobiographical prose, and nonfiction.

Abstract:

One of the popular plots of the Russian literary ballad of the last third of the 18th – the first decade of the 19th century was the story of treacherous love. Ya. B. Knyazhnin’s Flor and Lisa. A Tale in Verses (1778) is one of the first Russian ballads. In addition, this is the first Russian ballad with the appearance of the dead man – the plot situation is so productive in the subsequent, romantic period. It is characteristic that at the early stage of the formation of a new literary genre, the nomination “ballad” does not appear for all authors. Poets get along either without a genre designation, or use more familiar nominations, genres in origin related to a lyro-epic ballad: song, romance, “fairy tale in verses”. We observe, on the one hand, the variability of genre nominations for the lyric-epic narration of a personal dramatic event, and on the other hand, the instability of ideas about the formal and substantive components of the genre of “ballad”. The most typologically close to Flor and Lisa is the N. M. Karamzin’s ballad Alina (<1790– 1791>). Both ballads are devoted to the theme of infidelity and both develop a ballad version of the fairy-tale plot “The husband at the wife’s wedding”, which ends with the transition to the world of the dead and the reunion of lovers. In addition, the similarity lies in a detailed narrative manner and the psychologization of the ballad conflict through direct author commentary. In Flor and Lisa, all events – love, betrayal and the reunion of lovers in death – are presented as extraordinary. The tragic ending is due to the mysterious connection of the fate of the two characters, reinforced by the mythology of the “plant code”. The verification technique (quatrains, four-footed iambic, cross-rhyme, alternating female and male clauses) emphasizes the tightness of the love story. In Karamzin’s Alina, the course of action is due to a combination of universal laws of human existence and the fateful connection of characters. The ballad event is the final union of lovers, despite their stay in different worlds, earthly and heavenly. The mythopoetic basis of the plot is composed of images of changing elements and nature. The verification technique (non-strophic four-foot iambic with free rhyme) supports the idea of fluidity, whimsicality of the elements of life.

Abstract:

David J. Eicher, The Civil War in Books: An Analytical Bibliography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997, $39.95). Pp. 432. ISBN 0 252 02273 4.Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1997, $24.95). Pp. 222. ISBN 0 674 16055 x.Judith N. McArthur and Orville Vernon Burton (editors), “A Gentleman and an Officer”: A Military and Social History of James B. Griffin's Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, $30.00). Pp. 382. ISBN 0 19 509311 9.A. K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times: Some Personal Recollections of War and Politics during the Lincoln Administration (Bison Books edition, with introduction by James A. Rawley; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996, £18.95). Pp. 496. ISBN 0 8032 8228 1.James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, £20.00). Pp. 256. ISBN 0 19 509023 3.John Michael Priest, Before Antietam: The Battle for South Mountain (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; pbk 1996, £15.99). Pp. 455. ISBN 0 19 510712 8.Jack D. Welsh, Medical Histories of Union Generals (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996). Pp. 442. ISBN 0 87338 552 7.Donald Yacovone (editor), A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997, $26.95). Pp. 372. ISBN 0 252 02245 9.Like Ol' Man River, Civil War historiography just keeps rolling along. It changes course occasionally, leaving behind bayous of stagnant argument, while it carves out new lines of inquiry and debate. The books under review here follow the meandering course of this great river of historical writing. There are two scholarly editions of the writings of Civil War soldiers, one northern one southern, one black one white. There are two reference works, each of them bearing the rather idiosyncratic stamp of its editor. The immensely detailed battlefield narrative, as exemplified by John Michael Priest's book on South Mountain, adheres to a tradition of Civil War historical writing that resists changing historiographical fashions, and continues to appeal to a readership which knows the kind of military history it likes, and simply wants still more of it. Another honoured tradition in Civil War literature is the reprint of a “classic” written by someone who lived through the conflict, and Alexander McClure has good claims to inclusion in this category. Finally, there are two quite brief books by two heavyweight historians, James McPherson and Gary Gallagher, who address some of the perennial Civil War issues, such as why did men fight and go on fighting, and which is more in need of explanation: why did the Confederacy lose, or how did it manage to fight for so long?

Abstract:

Resumen:La gestión coordinada de las fronteras y el funcionamiento eficaz de los sistemas de tratamiento de datos de circulación de personas pueden servir como mecanismo de alerta temprana frente al riesgo de ataques terroristas. Puede fortalecer la capacidad colectiva de los Estados para detectar, prevenir y combatir el terrorismo al facilitar el intercambio oportuno de información, permitiendo así adoptar de forma responsable decisiones cruciales.Este trabajo analiza los concretos instrumentos de gestión de datos en fronteras que pueden ser útiles en la lucha antiterrorista, porque el primer paso en inteligencia reside en la obtención de información, que luego será analizada y tratada para convertir esa información en conocimiento. Como tendremos oportunidad de comprobar, muchas de las bases de datos en fronteras se crearon para controlar la entrada de inmigrantes en las fronteras europeas, pero la información que ofrecen dichos sistemas puede servir también para luchar contra ese reto que nos amenaza, el del terrorismo yihadista. No obstante, este trabajo subraya que se trata de fenómenos distintos.Es cierto que la nueva oleada de ataques yihadistas ha coincidido, en el mismo espacio temporal, con la mayor crisis migratoria a la que se ha tenido que enfrentar Europa debido a crisis humanitarias y posteriormente a la guerra de Siria u otros conflictos. Pero, no son lo mismo. El terrorismo yihadista y la inmigración poco o nada tienen que ver, por mucho que se hayan querido vincular o se hayan pretendido justificar determinadas políticas contra la inmigración como algo necesario para luchar contra el terrorismo yihadista, con el fácil argumento de que frenando la inmigración se evita la entrada de potenciales terroristas en Europa.El trabajo advierte del riesgo de que la lucha contra el terrorismo sea utilizada para reforzar los controles de personas en las fronteras con el verdadero objetivo de frenar los flujos migratorios. Al tiempo, subraya la necesidad de que en dichos controles se sigan directrices y prácticas claras y se respeten plenamente las obligaciones que los Estados tienen de conformidad con el Derecho internacional, tal como ha recordado el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. De hecho, no son pocos los casos en los que estos Tribunales han subrayado la relevancia indubitada de principios como la reserva de ley, la necesidad o la proporcionalidad como sustrato de la licitud de muchas medidas que incluyen el tratamiento de datos personales.Summary:1. Jihadist terrorism as a cross-border phenomenon. 2. The benefit of data exchange on crossing-borders in the Schengen area. 3. New guidelines on data processing and the safeguard of national security. 4. The register of passengers (The Personal Name Record or PNR). 5. When the data cross the external borders. The exchange of data with third countries. 5.1. The failed PNR Agreement with Canada and the EU Court of Justice’s standards regarding the transfer of passengers’ data. 5.2. The exchange of data with the United States. The EU-US Umbrella Agreement and the Privacy Shield. 6. The use of profiles and blacklists of alleged terrorists in cross-bording. 7. ConclusionsAbstract:EU Coordinated border management and effective functioning of data processing systems related to the movement of persons may serve as an early warning mechanism against the risk of terrorist attacks. It can strengthen the collective capacity of States to detect, prevent and combat terrorism by facilitating the timely exchange of information, thereby enabling crucial decisions to be adopted in a responsible manner.This paper analyzes the concrete border data management tools that can be useful in the fight against terrorism. The first step in intelligence lies in obtaining information, which will then be analyzed and treated to turn that information into useful knowledge. As we will have an opportunity to verify, numerous border databases were created to control the entry of immigrants into European borders, but the information offered by these systems can also serve to fight against this challenge that threatens us, that of jihadist terrorism.Nevertheless, we emphasize that terrorism and immigration are different phenomena. The truth is that the new wave of Jihadist attacks took place along the largest migratory crisis that Europe faced due to different humanitarian crises and to the war in Syria and other conflicts. But they represent different realities. Jihadist terrorism and immigration have little or nothing in common. In spite of this, many wish to link both with a view to justify certain anti-immigration policies as necessary actions for coping with Jihadist terrorism. This has been done based on a simple narrative: holding back immigration prevents the entry of potential terrorists in Europe.This paper shows that the risk that the fight against terrorism will be used as a basis to reinforce people controls at the borders, while the true objective of these measures is to curb migratory flows. At the same time, it underlines the need for clear guidelines and practices to be followed when implementing such controls. It also vindicates the need for States to observe their obligations laid down by international law, as recalled by the European Court of Human Rights and the EU Court of the Justice. In fact, in many cases, these jurisdictions highlighted the undoubted relevance of the statutory reserve principle, the principle of necessity or the principle of proportionality, as legal basis for the adoption of measures that include personal data processing.

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The purpose of the article is to study the role of the musical imperative in the modernization, transformation of the spiritual autobiography genre in the novel by B.L Pasternak Doctor Zhivago. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are required: a brief overview of biographical facts of the writer’s life, illustrating the path of his aesthetic philosophy and worldview, artistic formation, in which music played a dominant role; to study the musical imperative at the ideological-philosophical, system-structural, and aesthetic-artistic levels. While researching, biographical, systemic, structural, and hermeneutic methods were used. One of the culminating pages in the biography of Pasternak, the content of which had influenced Pasternak’s creative world, would be the day when he heard the sounds of musical improvisation on the piano by Skryabin, who was creating Divine poem. The sounds of music had merged with reality, the voice of nature, becoming a single whole with it. With a transforming and creative effort of memory, impressions coming from childhood would be built into the figurative-conceptual chain of his worldview “Life − music − creativity – poetry”, in which “music and poetry speak the same language of art”. All the creative heritage of B.L. Pasternak, including the final work − the novel Doctor Zhivago, which is represented as a kind of spiritual autobiography, both personal and the entire generation, respectively, serves as a generalization of the historical, philosophical, aesthetic and artistic paths of the Silver Age, a part of which was the author himself. Merging with its voice, and at the same time absorbing it into himself, he became a generalized representation of his generation portrait. In Doctor Zhivago, music appears at the level of mentions, quotations, and various sound images throughout the text. Their main ideological and semantic content is summed up by the words of Vedenyapin, in which Music is the equivalent of Truth, a “divine voice”, “raising above the animal and carrying it upward”, giving an inner impetus to the personality to move along the path of history to eternity. Research results. The ideological and philosophical setting of the musical novel organization is the idea of Music as a metaphor of the Artist-Christ, the embodiment of eternity, the path and a new history established by the sacrifice of Christ, leading to the human spirit. Accordingly, the theme of the path in spiritual autobiography as an ascent from the carnal to the spiritual level of consciousness, the attainment of eternity is reflected in the musical key as a progress of progress towards music and “melodization” of the spiritual path. At the systemic and structural level, the musical imperative is built in the form of a counterpoint principle substantiated by B.M. Gasparov, and the complex tiered hierarchical organization of the novel, in which all levels (individual, socio-historical, eternal) gravitate towards a single value center − the Artist-Christ − and merge in symphonic polyphony in unison. At the aesthetic and artistic level, this is achieved through the lyricization of the narrative, rhythmic insertions that “illuminate” the prose part, like the “voice of eternity”, repetitions, dividing the narrative into prose and lyrics as a form of music (the earthly path and eternity as its finale and the achievement of completeness existence) and, most importantly, building an acoustic space, contributing to the creation of a suggestive effect of “audibility” of the text. The acoustic space is built thanks to the presence of numerous sound images, the melodiousness and rhythm of the prose part, inserts from sacred texts and church chants, the attraction of Chopin`s techniques and motives, as well as the motive of distant sound as a timeless messenger of apocalyptic “future”.

Abstract:

El presente volumen XXVI, número 2, de revista Persona y Sociedad, de agosto de 2012, incluye seis artículos originales, de autores de Chile, Bolivia, Argentina y España, que abarcan temáticas relacionadas con la filosofía política, la antropología y la sociología. Además, hemos incorporado dos reseñas de libros pertenecientes a dos colecciones distintas, una sobre teología, la otra sobre estudios de la memoria. El primer artículo, de Eduardo Romero, de la Universidad de Mendoza, Argentina, aborda y discute algunas de las tesis más importantes de la Política de la liberación del filósofo Enrique Dussel, como son la determinación mutua de los principios políticos, las nociones de potentia y potestas, la teoría del poder, el problema de la representatividad hacia la constitución del campo político, la determinación deóntica de la política. El autor también incluye una problematización de las tesis de Dussel a partir de la ética del discurso de Karl-Otto Apel y de la política deliberativa de Jürgen Habermas. Desde una óptica centrada en la ciencia política, y no alejada del todo de las temáticas del artículo anterior, H. C. F. Mansilla analiza la relación entre igualitarismo y utopía, a partir de las tendencias socialistas y populistas existentes en América Latina. El autor boliviano señala que en las grandes utopías clásicas existe un fenómeno recurrente: “el surgimiento de clases dirigentes que están muy alejadas del pueblo llano, que concentran el poder efectivo y los privilegios, y que utilizan el igualitarismo como mero instrumento ideológico”. E l tercer artículo corresponde a Hugo Cadenas, de la Universidad de Chile, quien escribe sobre la desigualdad en la sociedad moderna, tomando como base la teoría de sistemas sociales. Desde esta perspectiva, se postula que “el problema de la igualdad/desigualdad no puede ser entendido como un resabio de formas previas de diferenciación, sino que forma parte de la sociedad moderna”. El autor presenta algunos de los conceptos centrales “que enmarcan la reflexión teórica, las críticas a esta posición, algunas precisiones conceptuales necesarias y, finalmente, algunas vías de reenfoque del problema y una propuesta de programa de investigación para la desigualdad de la sociedad”. Desde Bahía Blanca, Argentina, la investigadora María Inés Silenzi escribe sobre una ‘zona de interfaz’ que se produce entre las ciencias cognitivas y la antropología del cuerpo, lo que da origen a un nuevo ‘enfoque situado de la mente’. Este enfoque considera que “la mente es vista no de manera aislada sino en relación a un cuerpo y a un entorno”, es decir, de manera “situada, encarnada o incrustada”. En esta dirección, y a partir de la relación cuerpo-mente-mundo, se describen algunas de las ‘vertientes filosóficas más relevantes en relación a tal articulación’. El trabajo siguiente, de Sylvia Contreras, aborda la situación de los entornos rurales ‘proponiendo como eje central la materialidad de la existencia’. Bajo este prisma se valoran las narrativas que dibujan una revalorización de lo rural y aquellas que aluden a la ineludible contingencia y vulnerabilidad de la existencia, “desvelando las herencias que hoy marcan los devenires de los habitantes de estos territorios”. La autora aborda el territorio y lo rural a partir de los conceptos de localización y relocalización, los que entiende como resultados de diferentes formas locales de organización y creación de nuevas formas sociales de resistencia frente a la globalización. Finalmente, Viviana Salinas, de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, presenta el tema de las madres primerizas en Chile, explorando “la existencia de algún tipo de convivencia que se aleje del modelo tradicional de uniones consensuales en Chile, sugiriendo una transición hacia etapas más avanzadas del fenómeno”. La autora se basa en datos que provienen de la Encuesta de Nuevas Familias Chilenas, implementada entre 2008 y 2009, en cinco hospitales y clínicas de Santiago, de modo de mostrar “varios indicadores de bienestar emocional entre mujeres con diferentes tipos de unión, marcando la ventaja de las casadas en hogares nucleares y la desventaja de las convivientes en hogares extendidos”. Al igual que en nuestros números anteriores, hemos incluido algunas reseñas de libros, que abordan dos conjuntos de temáticas diferentes. Bradley Hilgert reseña cuatro libros publicados entre 2003 y 2010 que refieren a los estudios de memoria en los contextos de las dictaduras militares del Cono Sur americano. Carlos Ignacio Casale, por su parte, nos presenta una colección teológica de seis volúmenes, que corresponden a la colección Teología de los Tiempos del Centro Teológico Manuel Larraín. En suma, este número 2 del volumen XXVI de Persona y Sociedad cuenta con seis artículos y dos conjuntos de reseñas que nos introducen en temáticas referidas a política de liberación, igualitarismo y utopía, desigualdad en la sociedad moderna, antropología del cuerpo, entornos rurales, formas familiares en Chile, memoria histórica y teología.

Abstract:

The thesis focuses on the analysis of three program pieces - Catacombs, The Hut on Hen's Legs (Baba Yaga) and The Great Gate of Kiev from the Modest Mussorgsky's piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition. A starting point is the analysis of the wider context out of which the mentioned pieces originated which throws light on the stylistic characteristics of Romanticism, and provides grounds for a detailed pondering on the artistic creations of the iconic composer. The study can be valuable for the pianists and musical pedagogists, as the analysis in its essence explores the ways of interpretation of the mentioned compositions. The article PROGRAM CONTENT IN RELATION WITH COMPOSITIONAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOUND IN PIANO PIECES BY MODEST MUSSORGSKY consists of the following chapters: Introduction, Modest Mussorgsky - Features of Artistic Oeuvre and Musical Language, Pictures at an Exhibition: Catacombs, The Hut on Hen's Legs (Baba Yaga) and The Great Gate of Kiev - Analysis of the Contents and Performance Aspects, Conclusion and References. The introductory part offers an explanation of the research framework, presents the research methods and objectives and gives a short review of the literature used for the study. The following chapters are drafted in such a way as to offer to the reader the important information on the characteristics of Mussorgsky's oeuvre in order to provide for a well-founded introspection of the selected compositions. The central part of the thesis is reserved for the analysis of the compositions, first by presenting their program content, and then by focusing on its bonds with compositional and technical solutions found in each piece. In order to come up with fuller consideration of the employed means of expression and their role in evoking the specific contents, the work offers the author's own solutions, all backed up by notational examples and explanations. The piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition by Mussorgsky is a work of exceptional value, very inspiring for the performer. Pieces contrast with each other in tempo, character, as well as harmonic and expressive means. In addition to achieving it's unity, it is important that each piece is well conceived, that the main points are singled out and that the narrative of each piece is recognized and complied in the interpretation. Taking into account the atmosphere of the piece Catacombs, the performer should keep the chords long enough and move from one to the other without haste. Another important element of the performance is the acoustic connection of the chords without interruption and being out of context, so it is important to listen well to each chord, with a special focus on the sound level just before the next one. Baba Jaga's flight in a large attic is characterized by a constant vertical in the texture, largely composed of octaves and massive chords, frequent leaps and rapid changes of the register along the entire keyboard. In order to evoke the fierce and evil nature of the character, the composer establishes a characteristic rhythmic scheme. The witch's impatient and angry steps are represented by accents on the weak parts of the beat. The invoice is composed of unison, doubled or tripled octaves. With its sumptuous sound, in full piano capacity, the piece The great gate of Kiev completes the work in an imposing way. Inspired by folklore and church motifs, the composer pays tribute to the Russian people, historical heritage, tradition and cultural values. The grand fi nale opens with the long chords of E-flat major, a key that has often been associated with heroism and fame in the history of music. The massive sonority and triumphant character of this theme, which also closes the cycle, can be connected with the sound of a Russian folk melody sung by large masses of people, in a way that symbolizes the vitality of the national spirit. Mussorgsky's melodic line is characterized by a wide range of expressions, in accordance with the aesthetic and psychological principles of individual paintings; it less often contains "long breath" or longer motion in one direction. Of the selected pieces in this work, except in The great gate of Kiev, the melodic lines are mostly comprised of short motifs. The rhythmic component is extremely important for certain pieces of the cycle (among which is certainly baba yaga). Harmony includes unusual and frequent changes of tonal centers, as well as the appearance of modality. Particularly expressive properties of harmony can be observed in the Catacombs, where dissonances are supported by sharp dynamic extremes, with the aim of evoking the psychological state of the observer in the eclipse of ancient Christian hiding places and tombs. The fi nal considerations, which are focused on the contribution of the research, offer possible perspectives for further studies of pianistic poetics as a means of interpretation of program compositions. I believe that my research has contributed to the elucidation of possible perspectives for further reflections on pianistic poetics in the service of interpreting and evoking compositions of a programmatic character. Also, I hope that this work will be useful to all pianists who are looking for their own solutions and personal path to achieving high creative and artistic achievements.

Abstract:

Background. The article is a step towards a modern comprehension of the creative heritage by M. Karminskyi, whose work in the second half of the 20 century contributed to the development and international fame of Ukrainian music. Analysis of scientific publications (Heivandova, K., 1981; Ivanova, Yu., 2001; Kushchova, E., 2004 etc.), memoirs (Hanzburg, G., 2000) and a huge array of periodicals devoted to the composer allows us to single out the characteristic features of his creative personality, which determine the originality of his talent as a composer, explaining the constant demand for his music and its successful functioning in the pedagogical process, in particular, in children’s music schools. The purpose and objectives of this study – to consider the artistic and aesthetic orientation of the creative heritage by M. Karminskyi and identify its distinctive features, focusing on the genre and style aspect of his works for children and youth and their methodological significance in pedagogical practice. Research methods are based on general scientific principles of systematization and generalization. The most important role was played by the interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the composer’s creative heritage from the standpoint not only of musicology, but also of history, culturology, and pedagogy. For reflecting the spiritual atmosphere, where the composer’s talent was formed, the historicalbiographical approach was of great importance. Research results. The way of formation of M. Karminskyi’s individuality, development of his innate musical inclinations to successful realization of talent is crowned with creation of compositions of various genres, both largescale – partitas, operas, music to performances, and chamber – vocal-choral and instrumental miniatures, among which the piano music for children and youth audiences appealed to the style of Ukrainian folklore occupies a significant place. Ukrainian literature, in particular, works by Taras Shevchenko, Lesia Ukrainka, and Ivan Franko, which were carefully studied by M. V. Karminskyi as a student of the Faculty of Journalism at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv State University, had a significant influence on the formation of the composer’s worldview and aesthetic priorities. Probably, it was the love for literature that determined the programmatic narrative nature of M. Karminskyi’s compositions. However, the love for music itself prevailed: M. Karminskyi continued his studies at the Kharkiv Conservatory in the class of Professor D. Klebanov possessed in perfection by the musical artistic heritage and was able to transfer creatively this knowledge to students. M. Karminskyi’s later applied the skills acquired from him in his work. In those years, the Kharkiv School of Composition stood out among other music unions of Ukraine with a high level of creative competence: composers sought their own way and artistic individuality, creating a modern musical language. However, even in this highly educated environment, the personal potential of Mark Veniaminovich, his highly artistic taste and erudition rose. Mark Veniaminovich is sometimes called “the knight of the country of childhood” thanks to his brilliant compositions for children. The composer speaks to the children’s audience with the help of intonations and artistic techniques available to the child’s worldview, but he does not adapt to the child, but teaches him to develop thinking, show strong emotions. Pupils like program music with interesting content that evokes familiar associations, specific ideas. Therefore, in many of his works M. Karminskyi turns to the literary basis, clear concrete and dynamic images, heightened emotionality (“Steppe, steppe...”, “Autumn Day”, “Lyrical intermezzo”, etc.). Such approach motivates children not to perform works abstractly and mechanically, but to bring their own emotions and understandings into them. M. Karminskyi uses clear three-part or couplet forms that contain repetition (the plays “Favorite Tale”, “Ancient History”, “Merry Trumpeter”, etc.), he is characterized by conciseness of melodic phrases. The texture is convenient for children’s hands: parallel intervals, counterpointing voices, organ points of the lower voice, melodic figurations and harmonic degrees sustained in the middle line, register dynamics are used. These and other techniques promote students’ technical capabilities by developing mobility and finger strength. Continuing the traditions of the Ukrainian singing school, M. Karminskyi pays a lot of attention to the techniques of cantilena performance, forcing students to master the art of playing the pedal, which requires careful sound control. Piano ensembles, unique in their poetic beauty, were created by the composer at the end of his not too long life. These plays use themes from the music to the play “Robin Hood”, and the musical images of the pieces are extremely clear even in the names: “Old Grandfather Kohl”, “Lady Tambourine”, “Road to the Temple”, “Crazy Waltz”. M. Karminskyi, feeling a passionate interest in theatrical action with its playful moments and the task of embodying specific images, created music for performances. The radio production “Robin Hood” with the participation of the country’s leading artists, based on the poems of the famous Scottish poet R. Burns translated by S. Marshak and imbued with romantic sublimity, lyricism and sincerity, received a special resonance; it contains expressive melodies that are quickly memorized. In 1978, the company “Melody” released a stereo disc “Robin Hood” with a recording of this radio show. The variety of artistic tasks of the ensemble music of M. Kaminskyi leads to the formation of a variety of pianistic skills. The predominance of playful, moving images in plays develops motor technic and synchronization in performing. The meter and the rhythm of the works are complicated using the measures 6/8, 9/8 or size change in one work: 2/4; 3/4; again 2/4; then 4/4. This technique allows you to transmit movement and free breath of a musical phrase. Karminskyi actively uses chords from fourths and fifths intervals characterized the repertoire of Ukrainian bandura players. Conclusions. The composer gave the children a lot of strength and inspiration, creating music for them in accordance with high moral and ethical criteria and filled with vivid emotions, theatricality, and visible concrete imagery. Miniatures for the children’s choir, the master’s piano pieces have a high spiritual meaning and are among the best achievements of Ukrainian children’s musical literature. The piano music of M. Karminskyi is marked by a tendency to search for a new national style: the composer does not quote folk melodies, creating original musical images in the spirit of folklore. The multi-genre works of M. Karminskyi embody the eternal themes of good and evil, love and death, betrayal and fidelity with the emotional strength inherent in his music, demonstrating the composer’s deep erudition and human decency, originality, uniqueness of his personality and his talent.

Abstract:

Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica asociada a la obesidad (ERC-AO) es una enfermedad con aumento en la prevalencia en las últimas décadas. Se caracteriza por un exceso de desequilibrios hormonales adipocíticos (adipoquinas), desregulación del sistema de equilibrio energético y desequilibrios en la homeostasis metabólica. Propósito de la revisión: El objetivo de la revisión es delinear el papel de los diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos para el desarrollo de enfermedad renal funcional o anatómica en pacientes con obesidad. Buscamos reportes actualizados en donde se incluye los resultados de mejor supervivencia para los pacientes con ERC-AO. Recientes hallazgos: Actualmente sabemos la ERC-AO tiene un comportamiento pro inflamatorio crónico. La obesidad y sobrepeso se asocian alteraciones hemodinámicas, estructurales e histopatológicas en el riñón, así como alteraciones metabólicas y bioquímicas que predisponen a la enfermedad renal, aun cuando la función renal y las pruebas convencionales sean normales. Conclusiones: Clasificamos a la ERC-AO en Tipo 1: Obesidad y alteraciones funcionales potencialmente reversibles. Tipo 2: Obesidad y alteraciones estructurales histopatológicas potencialmente no reversibles (Incluye la Glomerulopatía asociada a obesidad y glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria). Tipo 3: Obesidad en relacionada con enfermedades crónicas (Diabetes, Hipertensión, Hipertensión pulmonar. Insuficiencia Cardíaca). Tipo 4: Obesidad en el paciente con terapia sustitutiva de la función renal. Recibido: Agosto 03, 2022 Aceptado: Septiembre 30, 2022 Publicado: Septiembre 30, 2022 Editor: Dr. Franklin Mora Bravo. Introducción La obesidad es una enfermedad en crecimiento con un aumento en su prevalencia en las últimas décadas, asociándose a un elevada carga asistencial y económica para los sistemas sanitaros derivado de su relación con enfermedades cardiovasculares, endocrinas, psicológicas, renales entre otras [1, 2]. El incremento en las tasas de obesidad en distintos grupos etarios, desde niños hasta adultos jóvenes conlleva a asumir que en el futuro veremos más enfermedad renal relacionada con la obesidad (ERC-AO) en la población general, con implicaciones relevantes para los sistemas de atención [3]. Por ello el conocimiento y comprensión de esta interacción podría tener implicaciones en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades renales. Dentro de la población general la obesidad se asocia a incremento en el riesgo de diversas condiciones patológicas, como la hipertensión arterial crónica (HTA), enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), artrosis, infecciones, síndrome de apnea hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) y diabetes mellitus (DM) entre otras [3]. No obstante, en el escenario de la ERC, la obesidad juega un rol dual y paralelo en el desarrollo de la enfermedad, tradicionalmente se ha denominado “paradoja de la obesidad”, donde por un lado actúa como un factor de riesgo modificable para el desarrollo de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y por otro se ha asocia de manera consistente con mejores resultados de supervivencia en pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal [1]. Por lo anterior, en las próximas páginas describimos aspectos fisiopatológicos que involucran la obesidad en el desarrollo de la ERC. Definición y epidemiología La obesidad es una condición que se caracteriza por la acumulación anormal o excesiva de tejido adiposo con consecuencias patológicas adversas e incremento del riesgo cardiovascular [4]. Utilizando para su definición y diagnostico un indicador simple como es la relación entre el peso y la talla denominado índice de masa corporal (IMC), se calcula dividiendo el peso de una persona en kilos por el cuadrado de su talla en metros (kg/m2). Un IMC entre 18.5 y 25 kg/m2 es considerado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como peso normal, un IMC entre 25 y 30 kg/m2 como sobrepeso y un IMC > 30 kg/m2, como obesidad [5-7]. Además, la obesidad puede ser clasificada en tres niveles de severidad: clase I (IMC 30.0 – 34.9), clase II (IMC 35.0 – 39.9) y clase III (IMC > 40) [8]. Durante las últimas tres décadas, la prevalencia de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad (IMC ≥ 25 kg/m2) en todo el mundo ha aumentado sustancialmente, convirtiendo a la obesidad en una epidemia y se prevé que su prevalencia crezca un 40% en la próxima década [6]. Actualmente, el problema de obesidad se ha visto en mayor aumento debido al incremento en la afectación en niños, lo que ocasiona una mayor prevalencia de patologías a edad temprana. En 2016, según las estimaciones de la OMS unos 41 millones de niños menores de cinco años tenían sobrepeso o eran obesos [7]. Esto afectando a todos los países, independiente de su nivel de ingresos [7]. La prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños y adolescentes (de 5 a 19 años) ha aumentado de forma espectacular, del 4% en 1975 a más del 18% en 2016. Este aumento ha sido similar en ambos sexos: un 18% de niñas y un 19% de niños con sobrepeso en 2016. Mientras que en 1975 había menos de un 1% de niños y adolescentes de 5 a 19 años con obesidad, en 2016 eran 124 millones (un 6% de las niñas y un 8% de los niños) [7]. La creciente prevalencia de la obesidad tiene implicaciones para las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y también para la ERC. Un IMC alto es uno de los factores de riesgo más fuertes para la ERC de nueva aparición [6]. Epidemiología de la enfermedad renal crónica asociada a obesidad (ERC-AO) La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es una condición de interés en salud pública, asociada a una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Las guías KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes), definen la ERC como la presencia de alteraciones en la estructura o función renal durante al menos tres meses y con implicaciones para la salud [9, 10]. Los principales elementos clasificatorios para definir la presencia de ERC son la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) estimada (G1 a G5) utilizando como umbral definitorio una TFG 60 ml/min/1,73m2 y la tasa de excreción de albúmina en orina (A1 a A3) según el cociente albúmina/creatinina en una muestra aislada de orina sea < 30, 30-300 o > 300 mg/g, respectivamente [9, 10]. Si bien inicialmente existía cierta controversia sobre el uso de la TFG para el diagnóstico de la ERC en fases iniciales, trabajos recientes han puesto en evidencia que tanto una TFG< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 como un cociente albúmina/creatinina (CAC) ≥ 1.1 mg/mmol (10 mg/g) son predictores independientes del riesgo de mortalidad e insuficiencia renal terminal (IRT) en población general [11, 12]. En consecuencia, debido a estas categorías podemos determinar el pronóstico de cada paciente. Los datos globales sugieren que la prevalencia de la ERC se encuentra entre el 10 y el 16 %, pero la información sobre la prevalencia de la población por categoría de TFG y ACR es escasa [13]. La ERC es una afección asociada a una elevada carga de morbilidad, mortalidad y enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). A medida que disminuye la función renal, surgen trastornos metabólicos y hemodinámicos que aumentan las tasas de hospitalización, ECV y muerte [4]. El conjunto de factores de riesgo conocidos para la progresión de la ERC es relativamente pequeño, y las terapias y estrategias efectivas para retrasar la progresión de la ERC son limitadas [14]. Por lo cual resulta necesario conocer y entender los diferentes factores de riesgo y su impacto en el daño renal, en aras de lograr minimizar la progresión del mismo, sobre todo en aquellos en los cuales se puede realizar intervenciones activas, evaluables, controlables y con seguimiento continuo como es la obesidad. A la fecha existe suficiente evidencia para asociar la obesidad con el desarrollo y progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica. Los datos granulares sobre la prevalencia de la obesidad en personas con ERC son limitados pero consistentes en todo el espectro de la enfermedad renal. En la Encuesta Nacional de Examen de Salud y Nutrición de 2011–2014, el 44.1 % de los pacientes con ERC en los Estados Unidos también tenían obesidad (21.9 % con obesidad de clase 1 y 11.1 % con clase 2 y obesidad clase 3, habiéndose incrementado el porcentaje global un 5% en los últimos 12 años [15]. La glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria (GEFS) es el tipo de glomerulonefritis que se asocia con mayor frecuencia a la obesidad [16]. La enfermedad glomerular habitualmente asociada a la obesidad se denomina glomerulopatía relacionada con la obesidad (GRO). Esta condición suele presentarse con síndrome nefrótico y pérdida progresiva de la función renal. Con la epidemia mundial de obesidad, se produjo un aumento progresivo de la GRO del 0.2% entre 1986 y 1990 al 2% entre 1996 y 2000, y se ha convertido en un tema emergente en el ámbito de la nefrología [15]. Etiología y patogénesis de la ERC-AO La obesidad se caracteriza por un exceso de desequilibrios hormonales adipocíticos (adipoquinas), desregulación del sistema de equilibrio energético y desequilibrios en la homeostasis metabólica [12]. Hay dos tipos de tejido adiposo presentes en los humanos: tejido adiposo blanco (WAT) y tejido adiposo marrón (BAT) [17-19]. El depósito de grasa ectópica primariamente ocurre en lugares donde no se almacena fisiológicamente, como el hígado, el páncreas, el corazón y el músculo esquelético; secundariamente hay un cambio en la distribución del tejido adiposo visceral con almacenamiento de tejido adiposo en los espacios intraperitoneal y retroperitoneal; luego se presenta la desregulación inflamatoria y de adipoquinas; y por último la resistencia a la insulina [20]. Tejido adiposo blanco (WAT) El tejido adiposo blanco (WAT) se caracteriza por ser un tejido blanco o amarillo con menor vascularización e inervación que el tejido marrón. Las células grasas tienen un tamaño que oscila entre 20 y 200 µm y contienen una única vacuola lipídica (uniloculares). En dicha vacuola se almacenan lípidos para su uso cuando hay demanda energética. De la totalidad de los lípidos que abarca la vacuola lipídica del adipocito blanco, del 90 al 99% son triacilgliceroles. El tejido adiposo blanco genera una gran cantidad de adipocinas y lipocinas. Las adipocinas son péptidos que actúan como hormonas o mensajeros que regulan el metabolismo. El tejido adiposo blanco se localiza en el tejido omental, mesentérico, retroperitoneal, perirrenal, gonadal y pericárdico [19]. Este tejido al igual que el tejido adiposo de otros sitios, está compuesto por una variedad de células que incluyen macrófagos, neutrófilos, células T CD4 y CD8, células B, neutrófilos, mastocitos, células T reguladoras y células T asesinas naturales (NK) [21, 22]. El tejido adiposo es responsable de la secreción de muchas moléculas de señalización, incluidas adipocinas, hormonas, citocinas y factores de crecimiento, como leptina, adiponectina, resistina, factor de necrosis tumoral-α (TNF-α), interleucina 6 (IL-6), monocito, proteína quimioatrayente-1 (MCP-1), factor de crecimiento transformante-β (TGF-β) y angiotensina II [23]. Tejido adiposo marrón o pardo (BAT) La coloración marrón del tejido adiposo se debe a que está más vascularizado y tiene un alto contenido de mitocondrias, las células grasas que componen el tejido adiposo pardo son multiloculares o tienen varias vacuolas lipídicas. Estas células tienen forma poligonal y miden de 15 a 50 µm. A diferencia del tejido adiposo blanco, el tejido marrón no tiene la función de almacenar energía, sino que la disipa a través de la termogénesis. Para lograr la regulación de la temperatura corporal, el tejido adiposo pardo se localiza en sitios superficiales y profundos [18]. Clasificación de la ERC-AO Se ha establecido que la obesidad es una enfermedad con un comportamiento pro inflamatorio crónico con múltiples comorbilidades asociadas [19]. El tejido adiposo como se describió previamente funciona como un órgano con actividad endocrina y esta infiltrado por diferentes poblaciones celulares que incluyen macrófagos y otras células con actividad inmune como linfocitos T, B y células dendríticas [19]. La mayor parte de la grasa corporal total, se considera como un sistema de órganos endocrinos, la perturbación de este tejido tiene como resultado una respuesta patológica al balance calórico positivo en individuos susceptibles que directa e indirectamente contribuye a la enfermedad cardiovascular y metabólica, se tiene conocimiento de tres principales mecanismos de disfunción del tejido adiposo “adiposopatía” [20]. Estos mecanismos incluyen alteraciones hemodinámicas, metabólicas e inflamatorias, lo que es la base de la clasificación de la ERC-AO propuesta en esta revisión (Tabla 1). ERC-AO tipo 1 La obesidad produce un daño renal de forma directa a través de alteraciones hemodinámicas, inflamatorias, y desregulación de factores de crecimiento y adipocitoquinas, además de aumento de leptina y disminución de adiponectina, aun cuando la función renal y las pruebas convencionales sean normales [16]. La obesidad desencadena una serie de eventos, que incluyen resistencia a la insulina, intolerancia a la glucosa, hiperlipidemia, aterosclerosis e hipertensión, todos los cuales están asociados con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular [4, 16] (Figura 1). La obesidad conduce a un incremento en la reabsorción tubular de sodio, alterando la natriuresis y provocando una expansión de volumen extracelular debido a la activación del sistema nervioso simpático (SNS) y el sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA)(16). El aumento en la reabsorción tubular de sodio y la consiguiente expansión de volumen extracelular es un evento central en el desarrollo de HTA en la obesidad [4, 16]. Algunos estudios sugieren que se produce un aumento de la reabsorción de sodio en algunos segmentos además del túbulo proximal, posiblemente en el asa de Henle. Además, hay un aumento del flujo sanguíneo renal, la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y la fracción de filtración [16]. La hiperfiltración glomerular, asociada con el aumento de la presión arterial y otras alteraciones metabólicas como la resistencia a la insulina y la DM, finalmente resultan en daño renal y disminución del filtrado glomerular [16]. Por otro lado, la activación del SNS también contribuye a la hipertensión relacionada con la obesidad [4]. Hay evidencia de que la denervación renal reduce la retención de sodio y la hipertensión en la obesidad, lo que sugiere que la activación del SNS inducida por la obesidad aumenta la presión arterial principalmente debido al estímulo de retención de sodio, más que a la vasoconstricción [16]. Los mecanismos que conducen a la activación del SNS en la obesidad aún no se conocen por completo, pero se han propuesto varios factores como desencadenantes de este estímulo, entre ellos la hiperinsulinemia, la hiperleptinemia, el aumento de los niveles de ácidos grasos, los niveles de angiotensina II y las alteraciones del reflejo barorreceptor. El aumento de los niveles de leptina está asociado a la activación del SNS y su efecto sobre el aumento de los niveles de presión arterial incluye también la inhibición de la síntesis de óxido nítrico (potente vasodilatador) [16, 24, 25].También se ha descrito un aumento de la producción de endotelina-1 en sujetos obesos, lo que contribuye aún más a la elevación de los niveles de presión arterial y, en consecuencia, a la disfunción renal. Estudios recientes han demostrado que la endotelina-1 está aumentada en pacientes con hipertensión intradiálisis, lo que sugiere que esta sustancia juega un papel clave en la génesis de la hipertensión en pacientes con ERC y posiblemente esté asociada con la hipertensión en pacientes obesos [16, 25]. Por lo anterior, las alteraciones hemodinámicas en los pacientes con obesidad conllevan a progresión de la ERC e incremento del riesgo cardiovascular derivado del desarrollo de enfermedades adicionales como la HTA, potencialmente estos cambios son reversibles con el control de la obesidad. ERC-AO Tipo 2 Mantener el estado de obesidad más allá de los efectos renales funcionales produce cambios estructurales irreversibles a nivel glomerular [25]. El estudio de pacientes con ERC y obesidad ha permitido identificar la presencia de enfermedad glomerular asociada a la obesidad, denominada glomerulopatía relacionada con la obesidad (GRO). En esta condición la hipertrofia glomerular parece ser la lesión inicial que estimula el borramiento de los podocitos y desencadena la respuesta inflamatoria local [25, 26]. Es relevante mencionar que las señales profibrogénicas inducen la formación de depósitos en la matriz extracelular de las nefronas, que conduce al engrosamiento de la membrana basal glomeruloesclerosis y fibrosis tubulointersticial [26]. Dentro del curso patogénico de la enfermedad la expansión de la superficie glomerular conduce a que los podocitos sean incapaces de cubrirla, esto lleva a disfunción y borramiento de los mismos, generando ruptura de la barrera de filtración glomerular con sobrecarga de las células restantes, lo que finalmente conduce a hiperfiltración y proteinuria [25, 26]. No obstante, no todos los pacientes con obesidad o IMC aumentado desarrollan ERC, lo cual sugiere que el incremento del IMC por sí solo no genera aumento en la incidencia o progresión de la ERC, ameritando alteraciones metabólicas adicionales. En los siguientes apartados se describen algunas de estas vías fisiopatológicas comunes a todos los tipos de ERC-AO. ERC-AO Tipo 3 La obesidad produce daño renal de forma secundaria ya que aumenta el riesgo de diabetes mellitus, hipertensión y daño cardiovascular, estas patologías causan enfermedad renal diabética (ERD), nefroangioesclerosis, y glomerulopatía asociada a hipertensión pulmonar e insuficiencia cardíaca. La mortalidad no solo se ve afectada por la presencia de la obesidad sino por la presencia de diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión arterial, hipertensión pulmonar e insuficiencia cardíaca. Los peores resultados en supervivencia lo padecen los pacientes con falla cardíaca, obesidad e insuficiencia renal. ERC-AO Tipo 4 En pacientes en hemodiálisis los niveles más elevados de adiponectina se asocian paradójicamente con tres veces más riesgo de muerte [24]. La obesidad se asocia a niveles muy bajos adiponectina por lo que la obesidad en el grupo poblacional que se realiza hemodiálisis es un fuerte factor protector con mejores resultados de supervivencia a 3 años comparados con pacientes con índice de masa corporal normal o baja. Mecanismos fisiopatológicos comunes en la ERC-AO Lipotoxicidad derivada del tejido adiposo En pacientes obesos el exceso de energía conduce a un microambiente sometido a estrés crónico, lo cual resulta en hipertrofia del tejido adiposo hasta que los adipocitos alcanzan su límite de crecimiento [25]. En ese momento, el exceso de especies toxicas lipídicas se acumula ectópicamente en diferentes órganos, induciendo un efecto nocivo conocido como lipotoxicidad; especialmente a nivel renal [27]. La lipotoxicidad se asocia a cambios estructurales y funcionales de las células mesangiales, podocitos y células tubulares proximales [28]. En los podocitos, esto interferiría con la vía de la insulina, crítica para la supervivencia y el mantenimiento de la estructura de los podocitos, lo que conduciría a la apoptosis de los podocitos e induciría una respuesta hipertrófica compensatoria en los podocitos restantes [25]. En el riñón, los depósitos de lípidos ectópicos contribuyen tanto a la inflamación local como al estrés oxidativo [27]. En modelos de ERD, la dislipidemia puede favorecer la acumulación de lípidos ectópicos e intermediarios lipídicos, no solo en el riñón sino también en tejidos extrarrenales como hígado, páncreas y corazón [27]. La acumulación de lípidos en el parénquima renal, genera daño en varias poblaciones celulares, incluídos podocitos, células epiteliales tubulares proximales y el tejido tubulointersticial a través de distintos mecanismos descritos en las siguientes apartados, pudiendo general compromiso a largo plazo de la función renal [27]. El tejido adiposo es una fuente importante de producción de diferentes factores proteicos activos, conocidos como adipocitocinas, las cuales participan en diferentes procesos metabólicos. Alteraciones en la secreción y señalización de moléculas derivadas del tejido adiposo durante la obesidad en gran medida puede mediar en la patogenia de los trastornos metabólicos [25]. A continuaciones se describe el rol de las adipocinas en la patogenia de la ERC y obesidad. Adiponectina La adiponectina es una proteína secretada principalmente por los adipocitos WAT, las principales funciones biológicas de la adiponectina incluyen una mayor biosíntesis de ácidos grasos y la inhibición de la gluconeogénesis hepática [17]. Es probablemente la adipocina secretada más abundantemente, forma alrededor del 0.05 % de las proteínas séricas y mide de 3 a 30 mg/ml en humanos, para su activación utiliza dos isoformas del receptor (AdipoR1 y AdipoR2) son receptores de siete transmembranas y tienen una homología del 66.7 % en su estructura [17]. Sin embargo, AdipoR1 y AdipoR2 son estructural y funcionalmente distintos de los receptores acoplados a proteína G porque su terminal N es intracelular, mientras que el terminal C es extracelular [29, 30]. La señalización de adiponectina se basa principalmente en interacciones de tipo receptor-ligando, en las que la adiponectina se une a sus receptores afines e inicia la activación de varias cascadas de señalización intracelular a través de las vías AMPK, mTOR, NF-κB, STAT3 y JNK [17]. La adiponectina inicia la activación de la señalización de AMPK mediada por la proteína adaptadora APPL1, que se une al dominio intracelular de AdipoR. Eso produce la activación de la biosíntesis de moléculas, otras proteínas reguladoras e importantes factores de transcripción. AMPK es un regulador que participa principalmente en la proliferación celular [17]. Hay dos tipos de macrófagos, M1 participan en la estimulación de los factores pro inflamatorios e induce la resistencia a la insulina y M2 bloquean una respuesta inflamatoria y promueve el metabolismo oxidativo; En los macrófagos, la adiponectina promueve la diferenciación celular de monocitos a macrófagos M2 y suprime su diferenciación a macrófagos M1, lo que muestra efectos pro inflamatorios y antiinflamatorios. Además, también activa los factores antiinflamatorios IL-10 pero reduce las citoquinas pro inflamatorias como IFN-γ, IL-6 y TNF-α en los macrófagos humanos [17]. Los pacientes con ERC muestran niveles elevados de proteína C reactiva (PCR), IL-6 y TNF-α y tienen una activación aberrante de receptor tipo toll (TLR)-4 [25]; en un estudio realizado en el año 2005 en 29 pacientes con ERC no diabéticos en etapa 5 y 14 controles sanos, se identificó que los pacientes con ERC tenían una expresión elevada del gen y la proteína TLR4, la estimulación de TLR-4 in vitro indujo la activación de TNF-α y NF-κB en células C2C12. Esto sugiere indirectamente que la activación de TLR-4 podría promover la inflamación muscular de los pacientes con ERC [31]. Los niveles de adiponectina se consideran predictivos de ERC, dado que estos se encuentran aumentados en pacientes con etapa pre diálisis [17, 29, 32]. Adicionalmente, en un estudio prospectivo realizado en el año 2008 en pacientes con ERC primaria no diabética identificó niveles elevados de adiponectina como un predictor novedoso de progresión de la ERC en hombres [33]. En estudios realizados en animales (ratones) muestran que la deficiencia de adiponectina se relaciona con varias alteraciones histológicas, incluida la fusión segmentaria procesos podocitarios, albuminuria y aumento del estrés oxidativo en los riñones [34]. Por otro lado, en pacientes obesos la producción de adiponectina se encuentra disminuida por lo que se cree que puede generar una función protectora sobre el riñón [29]. No obstante, paradójicamente, algunos estudios muestran que los pacientes con ERC y enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis (ERCT) tienen altos niveles de adipocinas, las explicaciones a esta situación son controversiales, se ha planteado podrían corresponder a un mecanismo compensatorio, otras consideraciones sugieren una disminución de la sensibilidad a la adiponectina o una reducción en el aclaramiento de la misma [35]. Leptina En pacientes con ERC independiente de la presencia de obesidad o no, se asocian a niveles elevados de leptina sérica. La leptina es una proteína de 167 aminoácidos, con una masa molecular de aproximadamente 16 kDa que está codificada por el gen LEP [23] secretada principalmente por los adipocitos, es una adipocina pleiotrópica. La leptina circulante llega a los órganos diana, donde se une a receptores específicos (conocidos como ObR, LR o LEPR), se conocen cinco isoformas del receptor de leptina en humanos (ObRa, ObRb, ObRc, ObRd y ObRe), de estas solo la isoforma ObRb (isoforma larga) se considera un receptor completamente activo, ya que es capaz de transducir completamente una señal de activación en la célula. Esta isoforma se encuentra altamente expresada en el sistema nervioso central (SNC), especialmente en el hipotálamo, donde participa en la regulación de la actividad secretora de este órgano. Los efectos de la leptina están mediados por cinco vías principales de señalización. Estas vías incluyen las vías de señalización JAK-STAT, PI3K, MAPK, AMPK y mTOR [23]. Por esta razón la principal función fisiológica de la leptina es transmitir información al hipotálamo sobre la cantidad de energía almacenada, como la masa de tejido adiposo, e influir en el gasto de energía al reducir el apetito. Regula el metabolismo energético, tiene efecto sobre la ingesta de alimentos, procesos de coagulación, angiogénesis, funciones relacionadas con la insulina y la remodelación vascular, además funciona como un pro inflamatorio molecular [36]. La leptina tiene efectos sobre el apetito y se ha demostrado que la hiperleptinemia contribuye a la hipertensión asociada a la obesidad por sobre activación del sistema nervioso simpático [37]. En cuanto al curso de la ERC, la leptina puede modular diferentes vías de señalización en el riñón, debido a que las células endoteliales glomerulares y mesangiales expresan abundantes receptores de leptina [25]. La leptina inducirá un incremento en la expresión de genes profibróticos, como TGF-β1 y citocinas pro inflamatorias [25]. El aumento en la expresión de TGF-β1, también contribuirá al desarrollarlo de la fibrosis renal, al unirse a receptores específicos a nivel renal, estimulara la expresión de factores profibróticos en un ciclo de retroalimentación positiva. Además, TGF-β1 es un potente iniciador de proliferación de células mesangiales renales [25]. Debido a su tamaño relativamente pequeño, la leptina atraviesa libremente el filtro glomerular de los riñones y luego se reabsorbe en la parte proximal de los túbulos contorneados [23]. Por lo que el estado elevado de leptina puede indicar una función renal deficiente [36]. Promueve la inflamación y trastorno de los lípidos, que contribuyen al riesgo de ERC [36]; se considera como “toxina urémica”, estando implicada tanto en la progresión de la enfermedad renal a través de efectos pro-hipertensivos y profibróticos, como en el desarrollo de complicaciones relacionadas con la ERC (inflamación crónica, pérdida de proteínas) [38]. Como se mencionó previamente, la leptina estimula la proliferación de células endoteliales glomerulares renales y aumenta la expresión de TGF-β1, un mediador clave de la hidrogénesis en estas células, el aumento de los niveles de leptina también contribuye al aumento de la expresión de colágeno tipo IV en el riñón, induce la proliferación de células mesangiales glomerulares mediante la activación de la vía PI3K, la hipertrofia de las células mesangiales aumenta la cantidad de proteína filtrada y albúmina que llega a las células del túbulo proximal y, como resultado, activa las vías inflamatorias y la fibrosis [23]. Puede presentarse un aumento en la síntesis del receptor TGFβ-1 secretado por las células endoteliales, este actúa de manera parácrina sobre el mesangio uniéndose a su receptor y activando la síntesis de proteínas de la matriz extracelular (ECM), incluyendo colágeno, fibronectina, tenazina y proteoglicanos; consiguientemente, un aumento en el nivel de TGFβ-1 conduce a la acumulación de MEC y, en consecuencia, a fibrosis glomerular y glomeruloesclerosis. En los podocitos, la leptina contribuye a la disminución de la expresión de las proteínas responsables de la filtración glomerular adecuada, incluidas la podocina, la nefrina, la podoplanina y la podocalixina. En las células del túbulo contorneado proximal (PTC), la leptina reduce la actividad metabólica de las células al activar la vía de señalización de mTOR [23]. Por otro lado, la leptina inhibe el apetito y aumenta el gasto de energía conduciendo a anorexia y desnutrición en pacientes con ERC, particularmente en casos de hemodiálisis de mantenimiento [36]. Por ende, una elevación de la leptina no solo nos indicaría daño renal, sino que además nos indica mayor progresión de complicaciones secundarias [39]. La obesidad aumenta la carga sobre los riñones y es un factor de riesgo de lesión renal, además de contribuir en los trastornos metabólicos asociados. Por lo que, teniendo en cuenta los efectos inhibitorios de la leptina sobre la obesidad, se puede considerar que puede proteger contra la lesión renal [39, 40]. Un estudio experimental publicado en el año 2017 demostró que la leptina disminuyó la ingesta calórica y los niveles de glucosa en ratas diabéticas [41], ese mismo año se publicó un estudio retrospectivo donde demostraron que la metreleptina, una metionil leptina humana recombinante, reduce el peso corporal y la dosis diaria de insulina en la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 [42]. La metreleptina ejerce efectos terapéuticos en la lipodistrofia [43], lo que indica que es probable que la leptina se aplique en los trastornos metabólicos [36]. Otras adipocinas Las principales adipocinas corresponden a la adiponectina y leptina como se ha descrito previamente. Además de estas, se distinguen la actividad de la visfatina y resistina, las cuales muestran propiedades pro-inflamatorias y efectos aterogénicos [25]. La visfatina estimula la expresión de TGF-β1, inhibidor del activador del plasminógeno-1 (PAI-1) y colágeno tipo I, los cuales han demostrado un rol importante como agentes profibróticos. Por otro lado, la resistina estimula la producción de las moléculas de adhesión como la molécula de adhesión intracelular 1 (ICAM-1) y la proteína de adhesión celular vascular 1 (VCAM-1) y promueve la activación del sistema renal simpático. Los niveles de estas adipocinas están marcadamente elevados en la obesidad y ERC correlacionándose con parámetros proinflamatorios y disminución de la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) [25, 37]. Durante el curso de la obesidad se presenta una sobre activación del SRAA, el tejido adiposo también estaría involucrado en la producción o estimulación de algunos de los componentes del RAS. Por ello la sobre estimulación del SRAA en obesos, asociado a la glomerulomegalia y desregulación de la reabsorción de sodio/glucosa, generalmente conlleva a hipertensión glomerular e hiperfiltración [25]. Otra adipocina a considerar, es la actividad de la adipocina proinflamatoria lipocalina 2 (LCN2), también denominada lipocalina asociada con la gelatinasa de neutrófilo (NGAL), estudiada como biomarcador funcional tanto para la enfermedad renal aguda como ERC(25). LCN2 es conocido por su papel en la respuesta inmune innata a través de su unión a sideróforos derivados de una infección bacteriana. Sin embargo, LCN2 no es secretada únicamente por neutrófilos sino también por otros tejidos como hígado, pulmones y de interés para este artículo, a nivel renal [25]. Se han informado niveles elevados de LCN2 en suero y orina en la lesión renal, debido a una expresión aumentada de LCN2 en el túbulo distal renal y una reabsorción alterada en el túbulo proximal [44]. El tejido adiposo, también puede producir factores angiogénicos como el factor de crecimiento del endotelio vascular (VEGF). Este elemento podría inducir la formación de novo de capilares glomerulares en gran parte defectuosos dentro del riñón, lo que contribuye a la hipertrofia glomerular característica de GRO [25] (Figura 2). Conclusiones La obesidad y el sobrepeso se asocian a alteraciones hemodinámicas, estructurales e histopatológicas en el riñón, así como alteraciones metabólicas y bioquímicas que predisponen a la enfermedad renal, aun cuando la función renal y las pruebas convencionales sean normales. Por lo tanto, los efectos renales de la obesidad son estructurales y funcionales. Hay varios mecanismos actualmente descritos que involucran a la obesidad como generador de alteraciones renales. Teniendo en cuenta las bases fisiopatológicas, proponemos una clasificación de la ERC-AO basadas en 4 tipos. Abreviaturas ERC: enfermedad renal crónica. ERC-AO: enfermedad renal crónica-asociada a enfermedad. VEGF: factor de crecimiento del endotelio vascular. OR: Odds ratio. Información suplementaria Materiales suplementarios no han sido declarados. Agradecimientos No aplica. Contribuciones de los autores Jorge Rico-Fontalvo: Conceptualización, Curación de datos, Análisis formal, Adquisición de fondos, Investigación, Metodología, Administración de proyecto, Recursos, Software, Escritura – borrador original. Rodrigo Daza-Arnedo: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. Tomás Rodríguez-Yanez: Metodología, validación, supervisión, redacción: Revisión y edición. Washington Osorio: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. Beatriz Suarez-Romero: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. Oscar Soto: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. Juan Montejo-Hernandez: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. María Cardona-Blanco: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. Juan Camilo Gutiérrez: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. Todos los autores leyeron y aprobaron la versión final del manuscrito. Financiamiento Los autores proveyeron los gastos de la investigación. Disponibilidad de datos o materiales Los conjuntos de datos generados y analizados durante el estudio actual no están disponibles públicamente debido a la confidencialidad de los participantes, pero están disponibles a través del autor correspondiente a pedido académico razonable. Declaraciones Aprobación del comité de ética y consentimiento para participar No aplica para revisiones narrativas. Consentimiento para publicación No aplica cuando no se publican imágenes o fotografías del examen físico o radiografías/tomografías/resonancias de pacientes. Conflictos de interés Los autores reportan no tener conflictos de interés. 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Abstract:

This article identifies narratives, or storylines, which represent Soviet/Russian wartime/military interpreters. The data include the autobiographical writings of interpreters, documentaries, media articles, scholarly articles, and websites. The examination of the data proceeds to some extent in accordance with the narrative typology provided by Mona Baker (2006), that is, from general to personal narratives, with the assumption that personal narratives are embedded in collective narratives. The positioning of wartime interpreters participating in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) is compared to that of military interpreters participating in the military operations of the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. A narrative reading of the data uncovers the storylines that portray wartime/military interpreters as quiet war heroes.

Abstract:

This article identifies narratives, or storylines, which represent Soviet/Russian wartime/military interpreters. The data include the autobiographical writings of interpreters, documentaries, media articles, scholarly articles, and websites. The examination of the data proceeds to some extent in accordance with the narrative typology provided by Mona Baker (2006), that is, from general to personal narratives, with the assumption that personal narratives are embedded in collective narratives. The positioning of wartime interpreters participating in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) is compared to that of military interpreters participating in the military operations of the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. A narrative reading of the data uncovers the storylines that portray wartime/military interpreters as quiet war heroes.